Chaos And Struggle In 1984 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 636 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: 1984 Essay Did you like this example? Following the political chaos and struggle for power after World War 2, George Orwells novel 1984 brings attention to the dangers of oppression and shows the nightmarish world of the possible future. The book portrays a totalitarian dystopian world where citizens are restricted from having their own thoughts and are constantly being brainwashed. Citizens serve for the party like miners in a landslide, without any knowledge of the past or freedom. The politicians in 1984 suppress and eliminate their freedom by creating fear through propaganda, strict laws, and incessant surveillance. In 1984 the government uses fake information to control how citizens think. The Party mostly uses propaganda as their weapon of control. Propaganda increases the citizens confidence and makes them think that what the party tells them to do is always right. There are two main types of propaganda; Doublespeak changes the truth, and another creates fear. The partys popular slogan WAR IS PEACE. FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH. (George Orwell, 4) is a good example of doublespeak. The action-point of the slogan is to persuade citizens into thinking that what they want, is what they already have. Only war can make peace, so peace is no longer peace, it becomes war. Anyone who is enslaved and wants freedom, already has freedom. You can only have strength by not knowing things and being ignorant. The slogan changes the truth and make the citizens think that anything they want, that is not what their government wants, can only make them unhappy, therefore, no one will consider rebell ing because they truly believe that the Partys way of governing is the best and only way. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Chaos And Struggle In 1984" essay for you Create order The laws in the world of 1984 are another tool for politicians to limit citizens freedom. The citizens live a very restricted life with no parties, no dates, no love, and a curfew. Although these laws are strictly applied, they cannot technically be called laws because they are not written in a system. In 1984, there is no such thing as a constitution or court, but that is how fear is created, because citizens are always living in doubt and uncertainty. An example is , And yet it was a fact that if Syme grasped, even for three seconds, the nature of his, Winstons, secret opinions, he would betray him instantly to the Thought Police (George Orwell, 30). There is not a real law that defines thoughtcrime but Winston could be arrested any time for committing thoughtcrime. Even an almost unnoticeable facial twitch that suggest struggle, could get anyone arrested on the spot. The idea of having no written laws is quite fairly political genius because the Party can adjust the strictness of laws whenever it wants. Citizens will never know if they have committed a crime so fear is created within the population. Surveillance is virtually everywhere in Oceania but it is mostly used through televisions. There is a two-way screened television in every apartment and street that monitors all of the citizens. The Party gets images of what its people are doing at the exact time that they are doing them. Only senior members of the Inner Party have access to turn them off for short periods of time. Children are also used to watch their parents, The children, on the other hand, were systematically turned against their parents and taught to spy on them and report their deviations (76). This system was used by the communist party of China during the Cultural revolution. With extreme surveillance, citizens have no way to express their negativity towards the Party. In 1984 Orwell creates a world where language, a word, or a sentence, can determine a persons life. Through language, strict laws, surveillance, and total government control, the part manages to manipulate its entire population. In Oceania, thoughts are suppressed until they vanish after generations. In this world, not even a bird is free.

Implementing A Plan For Managing Change - 1428 Words

A plan, a desire, and a decision. Which one comes first and how can you align these three aspects to make the change in your life that you need? There are several aspects of change that must be defined before you can figure out which direction you need to go. First, change can enter your life in two ways. You can initiate change or change will be initiated for you. Either way, you need to anticipate and plan for change. It is the How to plan for change? where most people make poor decisions. If you are going to initiate change, it is highly recommended that you have a plan. Having a plan is nothing more than laying out the groundwork of strategic goal setting. The planning process is actually quite simple. You can use the following model†¦show more content†¦Where do you want to go? and What does that look like? The purpose of the desired future state analysis is two-fold: To accurately identify your sustainable target and to establish the path you are going to follow. The gap analysis asks and answers two questions. What am I missing that I will need in order to successfully achieve my goals? and What will it take to acquire these? The gap analysis requires the most amount of mental energy in the planning process. The gap analysis is a personal S.W.O.T. analysis which helps identify your objectives and defines your time frame. The S.W.O.T. analysis looks at 9 critical areas: God given gifts, Natural talent, Formal knowledge, Experiential knowledge, Observational knowledge, Temperament, Motivators, Drivers, and Passion. Objectives are the actual elements upon which you take action. Objectives ask and answer two questions. What must I do in the foreseeable future to impact achievement? and What is the logical progression of actions towards achievement? The first question lays out the positive, progressive steps required to achieve your goal. The second question lays out the priority of your objectives. Objectives create accountability and measurability. Three levels of time concerning goals: Short-term (12 months or less), Mid-range (twelve to thirty-six months), Long-term (more than thirty-six months). Time limitations increases your sense of urgency. The time line feeds off of

Minocycline and Public Misinformation Free Essays

The potential role of minocycline in limiting neurological stroke damage is a widely studied arena, as evident by the numerous studies conducted on the topic and the implications of these findings are widely circulated in the scientific and public community using the print and broadcast media. But, it is highly unlikely that the common media would religiously reflect the findings based on the scientific research as potentiated by the ‘knowledge gap’ that exists between them. In the light of this statement, there is a general aim to investigate the â€Å"knowledge gaps† that may have been loss from information transfer of the technical work to that of the more popular broad print media. We will write a custom essay sample on Minocycline and Public Misinformation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Recent Study Conducted on Minocycline Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative is more popular for its an anti-inflammatory activity rather than its antibiotic effect. Minocycline alleviates the blood brain barrier disruption by decreasing the activity of microglia and metalloproteinase, reduction of edema and hemorrhage and reduce ischemia. The specificity of mitocycline as inhibitor of microglial activity by limiting p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase makes it a potential drug for neurological disorders. Lampl et al. (2007) conducted an open label, evaluator blinded study on the monocycline treatment in acute stroke. This scientific approach diverted from the normal â€Å"animal models† and the â€Å"in vivo and the in vitro approach† classic method of studying drug medication effect by using actual human models. One hundred fifty two stroke patients were used for the study; 74 received minocycline treatment [(200 mg/day/5 days; start: 6-24 hr after stroke onset)] and 77 received placebo. The NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel index were assessed for day 7, 30 and 90 (7 and 90 for NIHSS). Data analysis (covariance and two tailed   t-test) were carried out using SPSS statistical analysis software. Results indicate that there was significant reduction NIHSS score at day 90 for monocycline patients compared that of the placebo patients. The reduction was apparent from baseline up to last day of treatment. Barthel index was significantly reduced at day 7 till the end of the treatment and mRS difference started at day 2 onwards. Covariance (co-variance: age, presence of peptic ulcer, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) , sulfonylurea(SU) were performed again for NHSS test and results show significant difference between the groups with mean difference increase for covariates. The study indicates that the administration of minocycline at acute stage of stroke using five day treatment therapeutic onset window of 24 hr is effective in alleviating stroke damages. The â€Å"24 hr therapeutic onset† is based on results of previous studies stating that edema peaks at 24 to 48 hr following ischemia and inhibition at this timescale of apoptopic pathway is most effective. The limitations of the study are the six hr post-stroke administration, the oral medication, and small sampling units. Confirmation is still needed for this study. The Public Mis-Conveyance of the Minocycline Efficacy Last October 27, 2007, Thomas H. Maugh II of Los Angeles Times wrote â€Å"[Minocycline] taken within 24 hours, the drug is found to help reduce disabling effects in a patient’s body and brain.† Thomas H. Maugh based his article on the aforementioned study above. However there are discrepancies that can be found between the article and the actual study which he allegedly used as the fountain of information on minocycline efficiency. First, he intimated that the drug should be administered within the first three hours. He also forgot to mention that the dosage administered was 200 mg.There was nothing in the journal that said that the drug must be administered at within 3 hr. In fact, the therapeutic window indicated in the scientific journal was â€Å"within 24 hr† and the experimental method involved â€Å"six hr post stroke†. Second, he elicited the â€Å"secondary† opinion from the scientific community specifically Dr. Steven Pacia of Lenox Hospital, Dr. John Marler of National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Dr. Raymond Swanson of University of California. There is nothing wrong with eliciting opinions from known field experts on neurology. But the fact is that he should have elicited ‘primary’ source of information from the Israeli scientists and not from those who are not really involved the conducted study. Maugh also wrote that subjects for the study excluded â€Å"those who had already shown signs of recovery.† There was no line on the methodology of the paper mentioning this. He also failed to indicated chronic renal failure as a category in the exclusion of study. (This is very important since there is strong association of inefficacy of oral administration in chronic renal patients). He also wrote that Lampl said that the improvement was apparent within a week. It is a misnomer of information; there was ‘significant’ improvement from Day 90 and not Day 7. He also wrote that the minocycline receivers did ‘4x’ times better. He forgot to mention if at what scale this 4x is. Is it from the baseline or is it a comparison to the placebo group? Lampl’s group cited that the study must be performed on a larger scale to attest its efficacy. Maugh’s misnomers and some information deletions may have mislead the reader into believing that the minocycline is proven and tested as effective. Health information to the public should be delivered as precise as possible. Journalist should be more careful about what they write because they are open to misinterpretation by the public. What would happen if a desperate stroke patient took this information seriously and drank more than 200 mg per day? Results are inconclusive on this. However, it should be deeply noted that, in the end, the public is the one who suffers from this misinformation. Works Cited Lampl, Y., Boaz, M. Gilad, R., M. Loberboym, Dabby, R., Rapoport, A., Anca-hershowitz, M., and M. Sadeh. â€Å"Minocycline Treatment in Acute Stroke.† Neurology.   1609 (2007): 1404-1410. Maugh, H. Thomas. â€Å"Antibiotic Limits Stroke Damage, Study Finds.† Los Angeles Times. 2 October 2007.       How to cite Minocycline and Public Misinformation, Essay examples

The Question of Gender Equality in the Armed Forces free essay sample

This study draws on qualitative data and secondary research to analyse the themes of gender, militarism, violence and war. Paying particular attention to women’s experiences in the British Military throughout the study, the ideologies of gender within the armed forces are examined with examples from history. The effect of women’s increased integration into militaries is analysed for both ideological and policy changes to the armed forces, and the effects on the women’s own identities. Focusing on the military as a labour market and as a means to citizenship rights allows for discussions of equality for women within militaries, finally leading to theoretical discussion of the ethics and impact of violence and militarism, exploring the subjectivity of knowledge and the possibility of imaging alternative orders. INTRODUCTION Rationale and Literature Review That we have to talk about ‘women and the armed forces,’ shows the deeply gendered nature of our understandings of militaries and war. The fact that it is necessary to specify ‘female combatants’ indicates their historical rarity, and symbolic position as unconventional figures. Traditionally, war has been perceived as a masculine endeavour for which women may serve as victim, spectator, or prize. Perhaps, as Francine DAmico suggests, the abundance of feminist analysis of the subject is precisely a result of women’s positioning within wars, and the silencing of their war stories. 1 Perhaps our scrutiny is a fascination for the unknown. Perhaps we need to reclaim an erased identity, to legitimize our ability to speak within heavily masculine arenas. The question raised by this study is whether we must participate in war to claim that voice? Cynthia Enloe reminds us to question all which seems most natural, inevitable, or traditional to us. Masculinity and femininity are two categories which demand such attention, and the work of feminists and gender theorists have formed increasingly strong cases which reveal these distinctions as having been made through particular decisions, by specific people. 2 By this understanding, the involvement of women in state militaries is never random. 3 Robert W. Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity refers to a particular set of masculine norms and practices that have become dominant in specific institutions of social control. To become hegemonic, cultural norms must be supported by institutional power. Hence, hegemonic masculinity is a set of norms and practices associated with men in powerful social institutions. 4 Once a particular set of behaviours has been established as the norm for appropriate conduct within any institution, it becomes difficult to critique, partly because normativity makes certain practices appear ‘natural’. As Annica Kronsell argues in her study of the Swedish Military, in the history of most military institutions, â€Å"masculinity has been normalized and regularized. †5 This study will draw particularly from existing research about the British context. In a relatively short time, the armed forces of the United Kingdom have made significant advances to integrate women within their military, for various organisational, political and social reasons. 6 Reflecting the political trends in global security and developments towards non-traditional military operations (for instance peacekeeping, peace enforcement and humanitarian intervention), the international movement has been towards an extension of military roles for women, and at present women play a more active and visible role in the armed forces than ever before. 7 â€Å"The increase in the proportion of women in the Armed Forces raises practical and policy issues for the decision-makers within the armed forces. It also raises cultural questions about how gender is understood within the Armed Forces; the challenges which the presence of women in increasing numbers bring to military culture8 and how these matters circulate within and beyond the military into the British society and the international arena as whole. The extent to which women are integrated into the armed forces will be discussed in relation to ideological processes generated by security elites. In the process by which elites in any state conceptualize ‘security,’ the decision-makers must compare threats and enemies, and in doing so, some concerns are prioritised, and others ignored. Such ideological procedures inevitably affect the validity of alternative defence strategies, and again, these are ranked according to their ability to maintain the current order. It is the defense and maintenance of the structures of public authority in the face of either domestic or external challenge which will receive most attention. While constructions of masculinity and femininity are always circulating in and around militarism and war, women -and their bodies- are primary considerations for military and state leaders. The ideological processes that shapes a state’s uses of women in the armed forces are determined by the structures distinguishing and reconciling women’s many roles and ‘natural’ characteristics within that society. 9 One of our goals will be to uncover the process by which gender ideologies are modified, contested and renegotiated by war and militaries. How has war shaped what the culture accepts as ‘natural’ or ’true’ about men and women? And how are men and women shaping militaries and the war-system? Does war result in increased sexual equality? By exploring the conditions under which states include women in the militaries, we contribute to the mounting social science literature and theory concerned with women’s military roles cross-culturally and historically. Research into women’s contemporary military roles, and how gender is constructed within the armed forces is of course, not new within the social sciences, nor is the study of the military experience oriented towards understanding construction of gender identities. There is a growing body of work on femininities and the military experience, with Cynthia Enloe’s work regarding the militarisation of women’s lives providing fresh insights for the Post-Cold War years. Nira Yuval-Davis’ examinations of the links between gender, militarism, and national identities; Christopher Dandeker and L. P. Peach’s cross-national comparative work on combat exclusion; Juanita Firestone and Carole Pateman’s studies on occupational segregation and Segal’s exposition of a broader cross-cultural theorization of women’s military roles, have all contributed to broader theories about the social construction of gender, and have provided the discussion about gender and the military experience with much insight and diversity of theory. Philosophers Hannah Arendt and Jean Bethke Elshtain provide great insight into deconstructing violence and militarism with the purpose of exposing the temporal and subjective nature of political Realism, and its excessive focus on war. The subject of women’s relationship with the military has created intense debate amongst many protagonists, reflecting the controversy and the importance of the issues involved. 10 They may be briefly sketched according to their basic orientation on this issue of combat, ranging from those who are strictly opposed to any utilization of women in the armed forces, to those who ardently support complete access for women. Both military traditionalists and the pacifist feminists, for example, are opposed to women in the armed forces in general and in the combat arms in particular, but their reasoning could not be more opposed. The military often portrays women soldiers as disruptive in combat situations, by exposing the military gender system and therefore damaging the efficiency of the masculine war machine. 11 Feminist observers, on the other hand, tend to regard women soldiers role in a wider debate, as either serving or harming women’s interests. 12 As Orna Sasson-Levy points out, the ongoing debate regarding women’s military service tends to view women soldiers as â€Å"pawns in a bigger game. †13 The most dominant question in this debate is whether military service is a venue for equal citizenship for women or a reinforcement of masculine concepts of security and power. Thus, the contemporary debate on women in the military tends to remain on the macro level and ignores the gender experience of women soldiers themselves. I find that the most interesting arenas for studying gender are those where the ideologies of masculinity and femininity are central to the organisation of social activity, and identity. In these more extreme settings, gender becomes a crucial distinction for stratifying society, and deciding how roles and responsibilities should be assigned. The inclusion of women in ultra-masculinised arenas can simultaneously expose the prioritisation of masculinities within cultures, and calls into question the gender identity of the women themselves. As women represent what has been conceptually and physically denied from masculinised institutions, women’s presence in these spheres reveals the shapes and forms of gender power within such organizations. 14 The narratives of the women become integral to the study, as their agency is often disregarded within the debate as a whole. It is also interesting to analyse how institutions that embody these understandings of gender, also play a dominant role in broader cultural meanings of gender. I find the consequences of this, and the processes by which ideologies of gender become naturalised fascinating, and especially seek to locate these debates within international and epistemological contexts. Theoretical Framework The complex nature of women’s location in institutions of hegemonic masculinity presents a challenge to researchers. Feminist standpoint and postmodernist theories support the argument that the individual woman within these institutions can generate important insights about systems of control, and the effects of gendered hierarchies. Meghana Nayak and Jennifer Suchland have shown that by analysing practices carried out in different sites within hegemonic institutions, highly abstract notions of masculinity can become concrete. The narratives of military women reveal the highly complex operations of hegemonic masculinity. 15 Nancy Harstock’s argues that in this respect, that â€Å"one can only know and appropriate the world (change it and be changed by it) through practical activity. †16 Thus, it is not only what women experience as they go through life, but the insight or consciousness they can gain from their activities and interactions in a gendered world, that produces knowledge. This approach is particularly useful when looking at the effects of militarism on women, and Enloe’s extensive work on this subject prioritises their voice, and their knowledge. I would argue, however, that standpoint theory’s focus on ‘women’s knowledge’ and ‘women’s lives’ as a privileged position for making knowledge claims has tended to essentialize and universalize deconstruct the category ‘woman. ’17 The stability of the category ‘woman’ in standpoint theory has been contested at length by theorists such as bell hooks, along lines of class, sexuality and ethnicity. 18 Since all societies are stratified by class, ethnicity, race, access to natural resources as well as gender, hooks and others argue that there are no ‘women’ standing outside these stratifications. As such, I also utilise feminist and postmodern conceptualizations of identity as relational and situational specific, constructed through everyday repetitive practices. 19 Following much of Judith Butler’s theory, gender identities are analyzed as a â€Å"never-ending series of performative practices, which are repetitive imitations of an imagined gender identity. †20 This theory is extremely useful when analysing identity practices within militaries, as it espouses open and changeable notions of gender. The contrast between the approaches of standpoint and postmodern feminism will help to evaluate whether the possibility of mutual or common political interests between women are possible, despite the unstable and shifting the status of the category ‘woman’. They will also enable us to evaluate the subjectivity of knowledge gained from the various sources of this study. Methodology Theorists of Feminism and International Relations Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland regard a feminist epistemology a simply meaning that gender is a key element to the theory and practice of research. 21 They argue that â€Å"The lens of gender offers not just an alternative vision of the world, but one that is more whole and more representative of the spectrum of experience out of which international conflict and cooperation arise. It offers the possibility of an escape from one of the major sources of fragmentation and distortion in our discipline. †22 The extent to which a methodology is feminist, however, stretches beyond the theory which underpins the study. Helena Carreiras reminds us of the importance of â€Å"analysis† exclusively based on the ‘subjective’ dimension of women’s perceptions and representations†23 This study focuses on the subjective gender experience of women soldiers in military roles and the meaning of those experiences at both the microlevel of women’s lives and the macrolevel of the military and state â€Å"gender regimes†. 24 The primary qualitative data for this study will be collected by a small sample of semi-structured interviews informed by feminist interview techniques, with women from the British Military, focusing on prioritising the voice of the research participant throughout the study. Semi-structured interviewing is more flexible than standardised methods such as the structured interview or survey, and a feminist interview method encourages a more reflexive approach that aims to neutralise the hierarchical, exploitative power relations that were claimed to be inherent in the more traditional interview structure, which has traditionally marginalised, inadequately represented, and even excluded womens experiences. Contemporary feminist approaches acknowledge gender inequality and seeks to incorporate an awareness of gender relations through a reflexive approach to interviews. Ann Oakley’s methodology addresses these issues, and she argues that, â€Å"In most cases, the goal of finding out about people through interviewing is best achieved when the relationship of interviewer and interviewee is non-hierarchical and when the interviewer is prepared to invest his or her own personal identity in the relationship. †25 The feminist researchers primary motivations are to empower women and to restructure the imbalance of equality in understanding womens experiences, and so feminist research challenges both the knowledge which is produced and the methods of producing knowledge. Through social research, feminist methods go beyond studying women as objects of investigation. Rather they seek to challenge gender inequalities in social research and to motivate emancipatory, political change of womens experiences in society, engaging with them and recognising the role of the researcher and the influence this has upon the study. In their study of feminist methodologies, Judith A. Cook and Mary Margaret Fonow emphasise the need to challenge the norm of objectivity that assumes that the subject and object of research can be separated from one another and that personal and grounded experiences are unscientific. 26 One way in which feminist researchers have addressed this is through treating the interview as co-constructive. Ann Oakley’s feminist paradigm for interviewing aims to minimize objectification of the subject as data by viewing the interview as an â€Å"interactional exchange. †27 Feminist researchers claim that developing a rapport with interviewees is an essential part of establishing trust, respect and maintaining an empathetic position, and gathering knowledge not just ‘for the sake of it’, but for the women who are providing the information too. Oakley advocates that answering the questions of interviewees humanizes the researcher and places the interaction on a more equal footing. 28 This research method rejects the positivistic ideal of producing an impersonal and objective account of experience. Although the interviewer in this technique will have some established general topics for investigation, this method allows for the exploration of emergent themes and ideas rather than relying only on concepts and questions defined in advance of the interview. Cook and Fonow note that a further aspect of feminist methodology requires investigation into professional gate-keeping practices, including the influence of gate-keeping on topic selection and research funding and the formulation and implementation of alternatives to the present gate keeping system. 29 The relatively closed nature of the military can make it difficult for an interested researcher to secure access to this field. As such, interviews will be arranged with individual women from the Royal Navy, the Royal Airforce (RAF) and the Army through personal recommendations. Despite these connections, the concern for ethical implications of the research are central to the study, and correct ethics procedures will be maintained throug hout the study, with participants being reassured of their anonymity, the availability of copies of the final draft, and security that the information provided will only be used for the purpose of this dissertation, without any view for publication. Studies such as Pamela Cotterill’s concerned with the subject of interviewing women have highlighted the problem that ‘public’ and ‘private’ divisions have their equivalent within language. 30 I have been conscious of the language I have used in this study so as to avoid subordinating women through my research. 31 The experience of individual women, does not, unsurprisingly, produce analogous understandings of gender patterns and feminist theories. Therefore, consciousness about any particular experience must be connected to a wider set of gendered power relations that structures those experiences. We must contextualize individual experiences and isolated events and an important role for the feminist academic is to become a ‘mediator’ between knowledge gained through women’s and men’s daily experiences and knowledge of global gender relations gained from ‘outside. ’32 Despite my focus on the British experience, the case studies and secondary readings used in this research project provide rich empirical material from countries and cultures across the globe, with examples selected which combine both variations and similarities which are sufficient to engage in and develop my research. The standpoint and postmodern theories employed in the approach the semi-structured interviews and their analysis will develop my understanding of whether identity practices reflect a human agency capable of negotiation, renewal, and change and the extent to which they are limited and conditioned by the structure of social relations. 33 Thus, focusing on identity practices enables me to comprehend more fully â€Å"the complexities of structural demands versus human agency, without unduly privileging one over the other† 34 Informed by Sasson-Levy’s interview style in her study of Israeli soldiers, I can analyze how subjective meanings are created at different locations within structures of inequality. 35 As such, I address questions at both the macro- and micro-level, focusing both on the interaction between state institutions and identity practices. CHAPTER ONE THE MILITARY AND IDEOLOGIES OF GENDER â€Å"What we do we often do somewhat unthinkingly, repeating inherited patterns, reconstructing familiar identities, re-encoding traditional scripts. †36 Jean Bethke Elshtain In contrast to Clausewitzs description of war as a continuation of politics by other means, philosopher Hannah Arendt questions the historic transformations and practices that have made possible â€Å"a consensus among political theorists from Left to Right to the effect that violence is nothing more than the most flagrant manifestation of power. †37 Revealing the war system and militaries in this light, demands that we pay attention to the conceptions that allow for this current order. War is understood within an international system and state culture that bases its conceptions of political community on the premise that men’s membership in certain kinds of political collectivities, is related to their preparedness to sacrifice their lives for national security or state interest. 38 The pervasiveness of war in history, and our expectation that men will take part in war has profound consequences for our understandings of masculinity and femininity, and in her work Women and War, Jean Bethke Elshtain has argued that women’s social roles can only be understood when the significance of war and militarism within our societies is fully realised. Thus, for both men and women, ‘gender’ and ‘war’ are inescapably bound together in the history of western thought and practice. There is a close connection between state-making and war-making. Max Weber defines the state precisely by its monopoly over the legitimate use of force, which forms the basis of the coercive power from which states rule particular territories and people. 39 Following this, Nira Yuval-Davis notes that establishing a ‘people’s army’ or introducing national draft has historically been one key method of legitimating particular regimes and governments in various cultures and eras. 40 Gendered and feminist analyses reveal that the state is in almost all cases male dominated, and is in many different ways a masculinist construct. Jan Jindy Pettman argues that â€Å"It is simply not possible to explain state power without explaining women’s systematic exclusion from it. †41 Cynthia Enloe articulates that the military is â€Å"not just another patriarchal institution,†42 but is the institution most closely identified with the state and its particular ideologies. In her historical and cross-cultural study of women’s military roles, Mady Wechsler Segal confirms that the armed forces have traditionally been defined as the most prototypically masculine of all social institutions. 43 It follows that for women to participate in this manly endeavour, either the perception of the armed forces must have changed to make it more amenable to women and femininity, or women have to be perceived as changing in ways that make them more compatible for military service. Segal notes a third option, that the security situation could be so extreme that the ideological concerns are less of a priority than that of national defense. 44 Analysis of the various interrelational factors influencing women’s relationship to, and conceptions of, the armed forces will bring us closer to understanding whether a state’s greater emphasis on ascription by gender limits womens military role. The apparent malleable nature of women’s involvement in the military indicates that conceptions and ideologies are not objective, but socially constructed, and require constant redefinition over time, as the priorities and demands of the armed forces change, and as other structural influences also evolve. Women’s experiences of war, therefore, whether they are treated as actors or subjects, are susceptible to the construction of gender, but also race, class national and political structures operating in and around their lives. Cultural norms about gender have a profound impact on how women are regarded in relation to war, what is expected of them in times of national crisis, and the strength of the repercussions suffered for acting outside the accepted gender boundaries. 45 Developing Segal’s arguments, Darlene Iskra et al. argue that social values about force, power and domination particularly determine how the military is perceived in the society and how the society is able to imagine conflict, and conceive of its resolution. 46 The further into the study of gender relations we explore, particularly with regard to military policies and ideologies, the more apparent it seems that we should not concern ourselves with any objectively ‘true’ or ‘neutral’ knowledge. Rather, this study begins only with the understanding that the discourse of gender and importantly, gender differences, have presently in most societies, great importance attached to them. This has resulted in profound consequences for women and men’s lives. I look to analyse how the interpretation of these ideologies is contextual and changeable, and the effects of these processes are made visible in sites of contention, such as the military. Which particular ideologies of gender have allowed for war to be elevated to its current position within our realist international security agenda? And how are women’s experiences of military life affected by preconceptions of gender roles capabilities? Examining the extent to which wars depend on ideologies of gender and gendered power relations in order to function and evaluating the effect of social, national and political influences on women’s integration into the military will help us to theorise about the constructions of gender implicit to these policy debates, and what this will mean for women’s future military participation. Social Construction and Prevailing Notions of Gender The meanings of sex and gender are socially and historically contingent, and as such, not concepts that are easily definable. Feminists and gender theorists interrogate the essentialist categories of man and woman; male and female, that we use to understand both sex and gender. 47 Even the distinction of ‘sex’ as a purely biological classification, and ‘gender’ as a socially constructed phenomenon is problematic, and excludes those people who identify themselves as asexual, intersexual, transsexual and hermaphroditic. We must also interrogate the dominance of gender as mode of identity formation. Postmodern feminist theory has challenged the universal application of gender, and the perpetuation of its discursive effects, focussing on the category of ‘woman’ in its ability to represent and initiate feminist interests and goals within the discourse. Judith Butler explores the concept of representation as a normative function of a language which is said to â€Å"reveal or to distort what is assumed to be true about the category of women,†48 primarily as this approach pre-empts who is included, and importantly, who is misrepresented or entirely excluded from that category. This undermines the stability of the term ‘women’ and following this argument, the subjects of feminism are themselves regulated, defined and reproduced by the discursive structures which determine them to be ‘women’ in the first place. Whilst the collapse of the category of ‘woman’ would indeed signify a real change to the present gender order, the primacy of gender roles in war and militaries must be attended to if social change and equality are to be realised. It is useful to consider the dynamic construction of sex and gender by theorising about masculinities and femininities broadly, conceptions which Laura Sjoberg describes as â€Å"stereotypes, behavioural norms and rules assigned to people based on their perceived membership in sex categories. †49 I support the approach that gender is not static, but a contingent and changing social process. Connell’s interpretation of gender as a set of discourses which represent and construct and have the power to alter meaning and power within our cultures shows the importance of gender as an analytical concept. 50 This approach enables us to understand the diverse, and sometimes conflicting nature of gender representations, whilst also acknowledging the prevalence of gendered discourses in both international politics and interpersonal identity formation. Following Connell’s approach, social structures such as labour and power are all implicated in any society’s ideas of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’. These structures ideologically construct ‘women’ and ‘men’ in terms of certain characteristics. Zarina Maharaj notes that a certain type of sexuality and a certain possession or lack of authoritative, decision making capacity are regarded as gender identity markers in this way. 51 The extent to which particular roles and norms are seen as appropriate to each gender is therefore socially determined,52 and the division of social activities, responsibilities and capabilities are made along the lines of ‘male’ and ‘female. ’ The degree to which a society exaggerates or minimises the importance of sex differences is reflected in the fabric of its institutions, the history of its traditions and cultures, and the perceptions of its citizens. Therefore, it is my belief that the social roles of men and women, the extent to which deviations to these roles are tolerated, and the boundaries which confine our understandings of gender and sex, are regulated by states and elites in decision-making positions. It follows then, that these definitions are subject to change and due to the activities and knowledge produced by the women’s movement of the past decades, gender roles have indeed been widely discussed in society at large and, have resulted in the establishment of different, non-traditional role models for women. The feminist actions of women themselves are not, however, the only source of change where ideologies of gender are concerned, and in Segal’s model for theorising the women’s involvement in militaries, she argues that political, international, social, cultural and military pressures all influence the level of integration in a state’s armed forces,53 and furthermore, the causal links between these influences and the structure of a society are not always clear, but operate in a interrelational fashion. It is important to understand that the military plays a significant role in determining the degree to which women have become integrated within the armed forces, and economic, political and technological changes have all affected the physical and ideological positioning on women in regard to the military, and in response to its particular requirements. The Status of War Anthropologist Walter Goldschmidt concludes that with war, as with â€Å"all matters cultural, the society shapes natural human capacities and potentialities to it’s accepted purposes, reinforcing some and suppressing others†¦by systematically rewarding and punishing, by indoctrinating youth, creating role models to be emulated, and honouring those who perform well. †54 Behind any war is a system of beliefs that permits them to occur. Standing militaries, training and defence funding take up large proportions of almost every state budget, directly impacting on society, its institutions and its culture. This reflects the global â€Å"predisposition to resort to violence†55 to resolve conflict or pursue interests. This constructivist argument frames war as a human activity and there is much space within it for imagining alternatives to the war system we know. The same capabilities could be applied in a different culture, into non-warlike practices. However, in his study of war and gender, Joshua Goldstein maintains that the connection between the two is â€Å"more stable, across cultures and through time, than are either gender roles outside of war or the forms and frequency of war itself. †56 This can be explained by taking the approach that war is not a natural endeavour for neither man or woman, but in an effort to convince men to lay their lives down for national causes, state ideologies have connected the most highly regarded forms of masculinity with soldiering and war. Goldstein contends that the war system as we recognise it has been shaped and adjusted but that the selection of men as combatants and women as supporters has been consistent across cultures and through time. 57 This tradition is evident in classical social contract theories, where the legitimation of violence, and the accordant citizenship rights attached to this, are exclusive masculine privileges, and this responsibility been utilised by states to divide its citizenry into active and passive halves. 58 This structure is not limited to the national context, and in the anarchical international system which dominant political realists imagine, Tickner confirms that power, autonomy, self-reliance, and rationality are all necessary characteristics of state behaviour, and all of these attributes are ones we associate with a socially constructed ‘ideal-type’ masculinity. 59 In the same way that men within societies have traditionally born the physical duty of defending their nati

A Modern Woman Essay Example

A Modern Woman Essay ‘Wuthering Heights’ deals with the raw animal passion that finds no home within the walls of institutionalized society. Bronte dared to go outside of what Victorian society deemed correct, regarding the presentation of not only Catherine and Heathcliffs love but female sexual desire overall. This is why I believe that Catherine Earnshaws attitudes and behaviours are depicted in a way that makes her to be more of a typical modern woman than of a typical Victorian one. It was widely assumed in the Victorian era that women did not have any sexual desire and were to therefore, stay chaste for their future husband. However, it is possible that Catherine had engaged in, or had expressed her desire to be in a sexual relationship with Heathcliff when she states, ‘I am Heathcliff’ as D. H. Lawrence expresses in his book, ‘The Divine Heroine’ that when two people engage in a sexual relationship they became, ‘two in one’; the same person. If Edgar Linton believed that Catherine was not chaste, it is likely he would not have married her in conformation with the Victorian society’s norms. Ultimately, it is Catherine’s intense love for Heathcliff that sets her apart from a typical Victorian woman; their love defies the status quo and is a faux- pas in the elitist attitude of the Victorian mind. This is because Heathcliff is not from wealth, in fact, he is the opposite; he was a poor beggar who was lifted from the streets and is now a servant. During this era, a woman married only for money and for social-class and their suitor was often chosen by their fathers or brothers if the former was deceased. This is evident in ‘Wuthering Heights’ as although, he doesn’t choose Linton for his sister, Hindley does wish that she will marry him and therefore gives his permission. We will write a custom essay sample on A Modern Woman specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Modern Woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Modern Woman specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is in this sense that Catherine is a typical Victorian woman; she explains to Ellen Dean that, ‘My love for Linton is like foliage in the woods, time will change it, Im well aware†¦ My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath’, even though she knows her love for Linton will change and compares not to her love for Heathcliff, she marries him anyway for his money and for her inevitable heightened social class, ‘I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood’. Victorian women were to be weaker than their husbands physically, but morally, they were expected to excel, surpassing the morality of their counter-parts. Again, this is an area in which Catherine’s typical modern woman attributes outweigh those of the typical Victorian woman. A moral Victorian woman is to speak kindly to all she communicates with and refrain from violence at all times. Catherine clearly defies these expectations often speaking violently to her maid Nelly, ‘you lying creature’ and exhibiting physical violence toward her also, she ‘snatched the cloth from my hand, and pinched me, with a prolonged wrench’. In addition to this, Catherine’s immorality is exposed via her daring to love two men and in making little effort to conceal her feelings for Heathcliff from her husband by inviting him over often and upon seeing him allowed her cheeks to, ‘glow’ and, flinging her arms around her husband’s neck and exclaimed, ‘Heathcliffs come back- he is! ’. Catherine’s behaviour displayed here is far off the mark of Victorian morality as each woman is to give herself to her husband completely and devote her life to enhancing his. It was a wife’s duty to take care of all the domestic chores around the house and raise any of their daughters to take after their mothers in being the perfect wife. In conclusion- they were expected to be the ‘angel of the house’. However, Catherine’s lack of morality and domesticity prevents her from fulfilling this label and Bronte perhaps makes us aware of this from the beginning of the novel; ‘Wuthering Heights’ means ‘rejection from heaven’, from this we can deduce that this also means rejection from heaven’s forms also, such as angels and thus foreshadows the fact that Catherine will never be an ‘angel of the house’ or of any other kind. In addition to this, a typical modern woman or angel of the house was to meekly accept and be fully prepared to follow her husband’s instruction without question or complaint. Again, this is a typical Victorian attribute that Catherine does not possess. She cares little for her husband and his feelings saying, he ‘began to cry: so I got up and left him’. She also exhibits a lack of respect for him and speaks to him, ‘in a tone particularly calculated to provoke her husband. ’ I believe that Catherine Earnshaw is a personification of the effects of the rise of feminism, a movement that started in a group named the ‘Suffriges’ in the 1860s but soon took off as the ‘Suffragettes’ in 1903. From this, women gained more independence in all spheres of life outside the domestic one which they had been confined too previously. They were now entitled to equal pay, professional job opportunities, the right to vote and education. Overall, the result was increased power for women. Catherine has been well educated and despite societal norms, attempts to teach Heathcliff what shes learnt. She also holds a lot of power in the novel, over most over characters. It is her power and dominancy that makes her more a typical modern woman than a typical Victorian one. Among these attributes, Catherine has a fiery temper and makes it known to all who disagree with or infuriate her. This makes her very much an atypical Victorian woman and allows her to fall again into the typical modern woman category as before Freud’s research, women in particular were to repress their emotions and refrain from speaking about themselves, however, Freud’s research concluded that the act of repression was the root cause for many mental and physical illnesses and from then forth, it was recommended that people expressed their feelings as Catherine has evidently shown may times throughout the novel. Ellen Dean, Catherines maid describes her as a ‘haughty’ headstrong character. It is clear that although she tries to conform to society’s norms during her time at Thrushcross Grange, Catherine simply wishes to be free and happy on the moors and be liberated from a world full of social judgement. Whether she has born or bred this way, it is clear that Catherine does not fit into the mould of a typical Victorian woman.

Free Essays on Perception Of “The Patriot“

Society’s Perception of â€Å"The Patriot† The earth shakes as cannons rumble in the distance. Black powder fills the sky while the bodies of soldiers lay on the blood soaked ground. Drums beat and soldiers march as people from long ago are dying on the big flickering screen. Throughout the history of filmmaking, hundreds of movies have been produced illustrating the art of war. Most of these movies depict wars which involve the United States. Death and suffering are the results left by wars. In a society where death and suffering are thought to be terrible, why would people want to witness a tragedy such as a war for entertainment purposes? The Scene portrayed above can be witnessed in Ronald Emmerich’s â€Å"The Patriot†. This movie takes place during the American Revolutionary War illustrating life during the colonial era. The story focuses on a central character, Benjamin Martin, who is played by Mel Gibson. Martin is a man who gets involved with the war in a desperate attempt to protect his family and avenge the brutal murder of his seven children. The film vividly displays the sadness experienced from families being torn apart, innocent people dying terrible deaths, and the fighting and dying of soldiers in a quest for independence. Movies are usually created to affect the audience in some way, either by appealing to the views and beliefs of society or by contradicting them. â€Å"The Patriot† is a movie which affects many people in different ways. With the use of its historical, political, and racial views, The film draws out mixed emotions from its audiences. â€Å"The Patriot† is one of the few Hollywood blockbusters of recent years to have received an enormous amount of criticism. The film’s bashing of the British has raised a large amount of media attention in the United Kingdom. The film’s director, Roland Emmerich, argues â€Å"the resistance to England’s taxation of a slave-owni... Free Essays on Perception Of â€Å"The Patriotâ€Å" Free Essays on Perception Of â€Å"The Patriotâ€Å" Society’s Perception of â€Å"The Patriot† The earth shakes as cannons rumble in the distance. Black powder fills the sky while the bodies of soldiers lay on the blood soaked ground. Drums beat and soldiers march as people from long ago are dying on the big flickering screen. Throughout the history of filmmaking, hundreds of movies have been produced illustrating the art of war. Most of these movies depict wars which involve the United States. Death and suffering are the results left by wars. In a society where death and suffering are thought to be terrible, why would people want to witness a tragedy such as a war for entertainment purposes? The Scene portrayed above can be witnessed in Ronald Emmerich’s â€Å"The Patriot†. This movie takes place during the American Revolutionary War illustrating life during the colonial era. The story focuses on a central character, Benjamin Martin, who is played by Mel Gibson. Martin is a man who gets involved with the war in a desperate attempt to protect his family and avenge the brutal murder of his seven children. The film vividly displays the sadness experienced from families being torn apart, innocent people dying terrible deaths, and the fighting and dying of soldiers in a quest for independence. Movies are usually created to affect the audience in some way, either by appealing to the views and beliefs of society or by contradicting them. â€Å"The Patriot† is a movie which affects many people in different ways. With the use of its historical, political, and racial views, The film draws out mixed emotions from its audiences. â€Å"The Patriot† is one of the few Hollywood blockbusters of recent years to have received an enormous amount of criticism. The film’s bashing of the British has raised a large amount of media attention in the United Kingdom. The film’s director, Roland Emmerich, argues â€Å"the resistance to England’s taxation of a slave-owni...

Business law discussion #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business law discussion #2 - Essay Example After the ban was upheld by the Second Circuit Court, a CIRCUIT SPLIT arose and the ruling favored the complainant. The defendant made his appeal to the Supreme Court on grounds that the copyright clause known as FIRST-SALE DOCTRINE that authorized people residing in the United States to resell legal substances was much superior to the one that which required people to obtain the right’s of the owners before dealing with their products in the United States. The Supreme Court overturned the decision of the Second Circuit and affirmed that Kirtsaeng was duly protected by the first-sale doctrine. The case is a demonstration of the powers invested in the Supreme Court and its ability to reverse the ruling other courts deemed less superior to its judgment. The first element which is to make an offer was duly attained when Sam’s father wrote him a letter indicating his intention to transfer the Bentley to him. Sam acceptance of the offer unconditionally is a fulfilment of the second element of a contract. The third element which is the intention to enter into legal consequences is however lacking which makes the contract not a binding one and this explains why Sam will not be successful in the suit. It follows that there is no consideration in the contract which violates the fourth and final element of a binding contract. Promissory Estoppel which can be applied as a substitute to consideration may act in favor of Sam in an event that there was no legally binding contract between him and his father. This is in line with one of the elements which considers refusal of Sam’s father to transfer the Bentley to him as an act of injustice. In the case of Lucy, the body of contract law that will be applied by the court is that of voidable contract in which the contract is enforceable at the option of one of the parties involved. In this case, Lucy who was the aggrieved party had the option to either accept or

Human Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Human Resources - Essay Example Differences between Personnel management and HRM Personnel management is essentially an administrative record keeping function at the operational level. Personnel management attempts to sustain fair terms and conditions of employment while simultaneously, efficiently managing personnel activities. HRM, on the other hand, is concerned with the development and implementation of people strategies that are integrated with corporate strategies and guarantee that the culture, structure, and values of the organization, as well as the quality, motivation and commitment of the employees contribute fully to the attainment of the organization’s goals (Armstrong 2006, p.5). HRM is concerned with undertaking of analogous functional activities conventionally undertaken by the personnel function such as job analysis, employee relations, planning, and compensation management; however, the HRM approach undertakes these functions in qualitatively distinct way relative to personnel management (D uberley and Walle1995, p.891). Personnel management is essentially workforce centered, directed largely at the organization’s employees. ... HRM, on the other hand, is strategic in nature concerned with directly aiding organizations to gain sustained competitive advantage (Guest, Michie, Conway, and Sheehan 2003, p.291). HRM is mainly more proactive than personnel management, whereas personnel management is concerned with the maintenance of personnel and administrative systems. Personnel management is largely applied in the public sector, tertiary education, and local government despite the complexity associated with public sector including a mix of politics, service delivery, and management. In the private sector, HRM can be used to manage the human side in corporate and large organizations, banks, small and medium –sized enterprise, consultancies, and trade unions. High performance working environment is linked to attainment of high levels of performance, profitability, and customer satisfaction (Armstrong 2006, p.6). Firms such as Tesco and British Airways have demonstrated the significant role played by HRM in the attainment of management objectives mirrored in the transformation of the personnel management function. (P2) The function of HRM centres on planning, developing, and administering policies and programs designed to render the expeditious utilization of organization’s human resources. HRM is concerned with the process of hiring and developing employees with the aim of transforming the employees into valuable resources for the organization (Sims 2002, p.3). The human resources function is mainly responsible for managing workforce as primary resources that play a critical part in the firm’s success. HRM largely functions as a value adding a component in the organization based on the strategic utilization of

Ergonomics in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Ergonomics in the Workplace - Essay Example In other words, in this world of competitive environment, the field of business has turned into a race where every other individual is running after success and promotions. However, in midst of such competition, individuals at the workplace are becoming the major victims in terms of their health, psychology, and personality due to a number of different issues that are causing an adverse impact on the individuals at the workplace (Hartvigsen & Lings, e2, 2004). Â  In response, experts (HSE, 2007) have introduced a new branch of science, Ergonomics that facilitates employers in the creation and provision of safe and healthy work environment for the individuals and employees at the workplace. Although Ergonomics focuses primarily on the workplace setting that is the fundamental risk factor in affecting individuals at the workplace, however, researchers (Pransky et al, pp. 443-455, 2002) have indicated that as years are passing, the scope of ergonomics is expanding as it now deals different aspects of workplace safety and management from health, psychological, and social aspects as well. In this regard, ergonomics is emphasizing significantly on transforming workplace environment into a comfortable ‘fit’ environment for the individuals working with it. In other words, it is the major responsibility of ergonomics to create a relationship between individuals and the workplace environment by focusing on needs and requirements of ind ividuals, such as equipment, tasks, and other aspects of the working environment (Pransky et al, pp. 443-455, 2002). Â  

Pathophysiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Pathophysiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Introduction This essay will explore the pathophysiology relating to a call I attended while on practice placement as a student technician. The initial call details were that it was a 45 year old female in pain. On our arrival the patient was sat in a chair and was breathing rapidly and had a very flushed face. After introducing ourselves and gaining the patients consent we then proceeded to take her basic observations and take her history. Most of her observations were within acceptable limits however her blood pressure was slightly high, she had a raised pulse at 120 beats per minute and slightly high temperature at 38 degrees Celsius. On questioning the patient had a localised pain score of 8/10 in her back and a pains in her joints and muscles with a pain score of 4/10. When questioned about her medical history, she stated she had a condition called systemic lupus erythematosus. This is not a condition I had heard of before I, therefore, questioned her more about it. Differential Diagnosis A 20 year-old women patient presented with fatigue, heart palpitations and anxiety. Reviewing the patient’s history revealed that she started experiencing anxiety, fatigue and heart palpitations approximately two years ago when she was still pregnant and she arranged to visit her own doctor. At that time her doctor stated that this was was due to stress. However, her symptoms became worse after she had another child. She stated that before going into labour she experienced premature contractions, headaches, increased fatigue, and swelling of her legs. Her doctor advised her to stay off work and have some bed rest. Shortly after giving birth to her third child, the patient began experiencing several new symptoms. Her knees and ankles started swelling, she also developed sever pain in her knees, wrists, elbows, and fingers. During the winter the patient started feeling painful and her peripheral joints became discolored whenever exposed to cold. She had recently been admitted to hospital in order for tests to be carried out and although she was still waiting for a definative outcome, a rhueamatology consultant she was under stated he was fairly certain that she had stemic lupus erythematosus. Epidemiology According to Somers et al (2007) approximately five people in every ten thousand suffer from systemic lupus erythematosus. Ninety percent of patients who are diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus are female (GinzlerTayar 2012; Blank et al 2009). It most commonly develops in women aged between 20 and 40 although anyone of any gender and age can develop it at any time. With regards to ethnic origin systemic lupus erythematosus is more prevalent in those with Afro-caribean, Asian or Chinese ancestry. Although there is a possibility of having a genetic pre-disposition to the disease only 3 of 100 children of those diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus will go on to develop it. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2004) a survey in which it was observed that 100% of patients with System lupus erythematosus were receiving treatment. Aetiology Although there is no definate cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (Giannouli 2006), there is thought to be several factors increasing the likelihood of developing systemic lupus erythematous they include Genetics {where members of the family have lupus this condition will often increase the childs chances of developing it} (Hemminki 2009). It is also thought it can also be triggered by environmental factors such as trauma, ultraviolet rays and also emotional stress. Gender and hormones is thought to be the biggest factor affecting the chances of developing systemic lupus erythematous as it is proven that it mostly affects women than men especially when they are in menstrual periods or in their pregnancy, it is said to occur nine times more to women in comparison to men (GinzlerTayar 2012). Pathophysiology System lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease. The autoimmune system is responsible for fighting foreign and often harmful bacteria in the human system. However with systemic lupus erythematosus the immune system will attack itself, the pathology of this disease is similar to that of rheumatoid arthritis and can affect any part of the body (GinzlerTayar 2012). Systemic lupus erythematosus may also occur in the form of periarticular inflammation that affects the tendon sheaths, the illness causes the patient to experience coexisting fibromyalgia that results to poor sleep, chronic disease, inactivity ,mood problems and depression (Knott 2012). Patients who suffer from this condition have abnormalities when it comes to their immune system, this includes the B cell function, apoptosis and also the T cell function. Systemic lupus erythematous mostly attacks the blood vessels, the skin, the heart, nervous system, liver, lungs and the kidneys (Knott 2012). Unfortunately when System lupus erythematous persists without effective treatment it may result in serious complications such as stroke, heart inflammation, lung damage, blood clots and if the patient is female it may result in miscarriage or pregnancy complications. Research shows that the exact cause of immune deregulation is not yet clear but it may be as a result of interference of endogenous metabolism that affects the function of antigens in the human system (GinzlerTayar 2012). The abnormalities caused by System lupus erythematosus may vary from one ethnic group to another for instance East Asians who have this problem they have extra cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 while the white populations abnormalities is observed through having more Fc-Y receptors (Hemminki 2009) . For effective diagnosis of System lupus erythematosus it is of essence to deal with specific autoantibodies in order to treat the root cause of the disease (GinzlerTayar 2012). The symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus will vary from patient to patient as the signs and symptoms displayed will depend on the body part or system that is being affected by the systemic lupus erythematosus (Arthritis Research UK 2014). However there are some generalised symptoms and these are about to be discussed. Dermatological symptoms caused by systemic lupus erythematosus could include rashes and in some cases a specific rash to the cheeks known as a â€Å"butterfly rash† can be identified (Knott 2012). Another common issue for the majority of people with systemic lupus erythematosus find that they become much more sensitive to sunlight. It is also common for the blood vessels under the skin in the joints to become inflamed and this can lead to poor circulation to these areas (this is called Raynauds phenomenon)(GinzlerTayar 2012). Oral ulceration can sometimes occur for this very reason. Blood disorders have been known to develop especially in children, the most common being anaemia. Having anaemia would obviously cause lethargy and low mood (Giannouli 2006). Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are much more at risk of developing cardiac issues than the general public as the disease often causes inflammation of the blood vessels within the heart, thus increasing the risk of developing atherosclerosis which in turn could lead to a myocardial infarction if one of the blood vessels was to become blocked(Blank et al 2009). If the kidneys were to become inflamed due to the systemic lupus erythematosus, this could cause symptoms including haematuria (blood in the urine). Also, if the kidneys become inflamed this could lead to the patient developing a kidney infection which will result in the patient having moderate to severe back pain (GinzlerTayar 2012). The most common issue for patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus is to do with their joints (Somers et al 2007). Most people suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus will develop pain in their muscles, joints and peripheral joints such as joints in their hands and knees can often become inflamed. This can be due to a condition known as Osteonecrosis developing due to the systemic lupus erythematosus (Giannouli 2006). Osteonecrosis is a condition that develops when there is a reduced blood supply to the bones. Osteonecrosis will affect the bones ability to replace old bone with new bone and if an injury is sustained it may never be able to heal properly (Knott 2012). Most patients find that it is worse when they wake up in the morning and as this is a chronic condition, it can often feel better in periods of remission and more painful during a relapse period (GinzlerTayar 2012). Diagnosis The process involves the blood tests including antibody tests, urinalysis and a chest X-ray which is mostly overseen by Rheumatology Consultants whose area of specialisation is autoimmune diseases and also soft tissue treatment. Musculoskeletal symptoms are analysed when trying to diagnose System lupus erythematous and it can be manifested as arthritis or arthralgia in which the patient expresses it as stiffness and pain, when it occurs in System lupus erythematous it can be in the form of migratory or transient pain and it is difficult to be diagnosed since it may be present when the patient makes the appointment with a doctor only to be resolved in the process of evaluation(Ginzler Tayar 2012 and Knott 2012). Systemic lupus erythematosus caused fewer erosions or fixed deformities unlike rheumatoid arthritis which is much more degernerative to the joints (GinzlerTayar 2012). There is also the possibility of around 4% of the patients will suffer from myositis ( which is the inflamat ion of the muscle tissue) and this can be examined by taking a biopsy of muscle tissue (Giannouli 2006). Pharmacology and associated treatment: Unfortunately there is no cure for Systemic lupus erythematosus and the treatment plan is based on symptom relief as opposed to direct treatment of the disease(GinzlerTayar 2012, Blank et al 2007, Knott 2012). Treatment of Systemic lupus erythematosus is very specific to the individual patient and it always depends in manifestation of the symptoms, the disease severity and most importantly the specific organ affected(Giannouli 2006). In order to devise the most appropriate treatment plan the rheumatology consultant will perform a number of diagnostic tests and depending on what the results are will influence the treatment plan (Giannouli 2006). Patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus will often need to take a group of medications called non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (Knott 2012). This group of medications work by reducing the inflammation in the affected joints and hopefully reducing the amount of pain the patient is in. Some common non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs are ibuprofen, aspirin and diclofenac sodium (these are all available without a prescription from a pharmacy), the rheumatology consultant may recommend Naproxen or pirixicam in certain circumstances (BNF 2014). With non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs there is a risk that they may cause damage to the lining of the stomach and could even cause ulceration in the stomach when taken over long periods of time in high doses(Knott 2012). If the patient is taking frequent non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs they may be prescribed a proton pump inhibitor medication in order to protect the stomach. These medications work by reducing the amount of acid the stomach produced and thus protecting the lining of the stomach (Knott 2012). Common proton pump inhibitor medications include; omperazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and esomeprazole (BNF 2014). A further treratment that a rheumatology consultant may consider is the use of a medication called hydroxychloroquine (Giannouli 2006). Hydroxychloroquine was originally an anti-malarial drug however it has recently started being used to treat the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus and is a disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (also known as DMARD)(Knott 2012). Hydroxychloroquine works by reducing the response from the immune system which is causing the symptoms (this is probably the closest treatment to treating the cause as opposed to just the symptoms). It is used as a long term treatment to try and prevent relapses or flare ups of the disease (GinzlerTayar 2012). Corticosteroids may be used in severe systemic lupus erythematosus (GinzlerTayar 2012). They may be prescribed during relapses of the disease. Corticosteroids work by blocking the normal function of the white blood cells and reducing the inflammation response(Knott 2012). However the negative aspect of this is that it leaves patients very vulnerable to infections(GinzlerTayar 2012). Other side effect could include the patients bones becoming more fragile, the skin becoming thinner, hypertension and also weight gain. For this reason corticosteroids will only be used to treat flare ups at the minimum effective dose and then reduce the dose slowly as the symptoms ease. Corticosteroids used in the treatment of this disease are hydrocortisone and predniselone(BNF 2014). Often used in conjunction with corticosteroids during a relapse are a group of medications called immunosuppressants . These medications will work by reducing the action of the immune system and will be used when the immune system is attacking a healthy part of the patients body(Knott 2012). Again these medications will reduce the pateints ability to fight harmful infections and can cause many side effects. Immunosuppresent medications used include: azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide (BNF 2014). The final medication to be discussed is called Rituximab. Rituximab was originally created to treat blood cancer however an â€Å"off-label† use for this medication is to treat autoimmune diseases. The way Rituximab works is by destroying the B-Cells(The B-Cells which cause the release of antibodies resulting in the symptoms). As with all the other medications there could be side effects the most common being dizziness and vomiting. Rituximab can only be administered intravenoulsy so will normally require hospital admission for the patient to receive it . (Knott 2012) Other interventions include an advice session from the doctor regarding the patients lifestyle and diet may be of vital importance this may help the patient and minimise lifestyle related stress (GinzlerTayar 2012) . The patient may be suggested to work with a support group or even receive counselling as the condition can cause severe and life limiting symptoms while in relapse. Most patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are also advised to avoid the sun as it can aggravate and skin symptoms(Knott 2012). Conclusion Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is a very complex disease and can present itself in many different ways depending on the patient and the part of the body affected. In the pre-hospital environment it is very important to get a detailed history in order to identify whether they have been diagnosed with this disease. Clinicians must remember systemic lupus ertythematosus can limit a patients quality off life while they are having a relapse so it is important to assess each patients individual symptoms and if necessary administer pain relief and position them so they are comfortable. It is also important for ambulance clinicians to be mindful of the patients joints when using moving and handling techniques as this could obviously cause the patient discomfort or even pain due to the condition. References: Arthritus Research UK. (2014). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Available: http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org/arthritis-information/drugs/hydroxychloroquine/what-it-is.aspx. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Perl A. 2009. Cross-talk of the environment with the host genome and the immune system through endogenous retroviruses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. Nov;18 (13):1136-43 Giannouli, S (2006) Annals of rheumatic disease, Anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus from pathophysiology to clinical diagnosis. 65(2) p144-148 Ginzler E, Tayar J. 2012. Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). Updated: January 2012. Available at http://www.rheumatology.org/practice/clinical/patients/diseases_and_conditions/lupus.pdf#search=sle. [Accessed on February 21, 2014 at 21:30] Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (February 2009). Familial associations of rheumatoid arthritis with autoimmune diseases and related conditions. Arthritis Rheumatology. 60 (3): 661–8 Knott, L. (2012). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Available: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/systemic-lupus-erythematosus. Last accessed 20/03/2014. Somers E, Thomas L, Smeeth L .2007. Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the United Kingdom, Arthritus Rheum 15;57(4) p612 – p618.

Talk Show Guests Should Go to Therapy Instead :: essays research papers

The Talk Shows Each day, thousands of talk shows spend a great deal of time and money for people to attend their show from all across the country to discuss their personal problems and get them resolved. Each day, thousands of people go through the ritual of being humiliated or excited by these talk shows. Instead, they should go to a professional therapists and not a talk show, like The Maury Show, to discuss their problems. Most professional therapists offer a wide variety of options or choices as well as important ideas that are not offered by talk shows. If the people have not decided on a therapist to learn more about the many different ways to deal with their problems then there is no other help. Matelski stated that ?daytime talk shows helped local programmers fill the gaps in their schedules brought about by increased federal broadcast regulation in the 1970s-specifically, U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)-imposed Financial Interest and Syndication rules.? I feel that daytime talk shows should not be played at all because the things that are shown are very negative toward the people that watch them. Most professional therapists also have a more diverse occupation than those of The Maury Show. In a therapist?s office the people have an opportunity to discuss their physical, mental, sexual, and emotional problems to improve their life. It is true that The Maury Show does not offer the prestige of the professional therapists. However if prestige is significant, the people could complete a session at a better-known therapy. And whether the advice the people receive at a therapist is equal to that provided by a more prestigious therapy can be determined only on a case by case basis, since much of the success of any talk show depends on the individual people.

Course Work Essay

As the Vice President of the Sales, it is his responsibility in the first place to handle sales management leadership and sales compensation program according to David J. Cichelli (p. 38) and not the products being sold in the market. Therefore, it is inappropriate for a new Vice-President of Sales to discuss defective wrenches before a CEO meeting especially that he is unaware of the ethical guidelines being practiced by the organization. In this case, he has to take extra care to discuss the matter to the group without appearing discourteous or impolite. In the first place, the newly hired CEO (Vice President of Sales) has the idea of communicating the concept of customer satisfaction that is vital in the growth of sales as well as important in his role as sales management leader to provide the utmost satisfaction. He also wants to ensure that collaboration among members of the team is practiced as he assumes his duty as part of the CEO team. Evaluating the scenario, he has to look into several avenues and prepare materials to support his argument. First, he has to review the policies of the organization as well as a survey on customer feedback of the product conducted previously, from where he will base his argument. Any information about the company’s structure, ethical guidelines, and procedures will help him shape his analysis and proposal to redirect the company’s concept of customer satisfaction. Tactfully, he may present the problem as part of his initial report using the SWOT analysis from there he may initiate actions essential to the growth of sales. SWOT analysis according to Robert Price is helpful in the â€Å"analysis of the external environment†¦ and internal situation† to see the whole scenario of the problem (p. 104). Second, he may suggest innovation of the product to be introduced as a new model through which the customer may perceive the product having good quality that will â€Å"solve critical customer problem† (Rafinejad, p. 208). Product innovation should be carefully planned to attain the best improvement of the product because as Rafinejad stated, â€Å"†¦too many revisions to a product are disruptive to customers’ business operation and create confusion† (ibid). Third, the company may notify the public through a well-developed notification plan which may includes â€Å"customers’ reaction to the planned changed† (Rafinejad, p. 210). Once the customers’ wants finally established, a formal change notification may take place; this involves e-mail notification, advertising, and other public relation tasks. The need for strong sense of business ethics rooted on customer satisfaction must also be emphasized. This generally requires internal streamlining. Bjorn Andersen stated that business ethics has â€Å"a strong motivational effect that can spur individuals and indeed entire organization to unheard-of peaks of performance† (p. 7). This creates basically a true sense of dedication on the part of the employees in the delivery of products to the customers. To realize this goal, the company has to redefine corporate culture and restructure the organization in such a way that supports the objective of the company as part of the innovation process. Redefinition includes identifying corporate social responsibility approach with hands on business practices through transformation process on the operation level. Andersen mentioned that the process involves policy setting, overall image creation, and pointing out direction for the organization’s ethics endeavor (p. 28). To support the endeavor, the company has to evaluate its structure in a way that accountability for success and/or falling is determined. Likewise, certain business activities must be redirected through assigning corporate ethics program. Linda K. Trevino and Gary R. Weaver suggested to â€Å"formalize company values and expectations† in which multiple elements has to look into such as â€Å"dedicated staff, supporting structures and policies, and extensive employee involvement† (p. 91). Conclusion: The new Vice President of Sales with his expertise in the field of business may share his knowledge that will help the business grow. The defective wrenches may cause the business to fall due to customer complaints that are not dealt with properly. Assigning tasks that will save the image of the company will be realized through initiatives for change in products and corporate ethics. This will be done by means of undertaking strategic planning based on research that may include adapting new policies for the company. Reference Andersen, B. (2004). Bringing Business Ethics to Life: Achieving Corporate Social Responsibility. USA: American Society for Quality. Cichelli, D. J. (2003) Compensating the Sales Force: A Practical Guide to Designing Winning Sales Compensation Plans. USA: McGraw-Hill Professional. Price, R. (2007) The Eye of Innovation: Recognizing Possibilities and Managing the Creative Enterprise. USA: Yale University Press. Rafinejad, D. (2007) Innovation, Product Development and Commercialization: Case Studies and Key Practices for Market Leadership. USA: Ross Publishing. Trevino, L. K. & Weaver, G. R. (2003). Managing Ethics in Business Organizations: Social Scientific Perspectives. USA: Stanford University Press.

Best Persuasive Essay Topics for All Degrees - Paperell.com

Best Persuasive Essay Topics for All Degrees Best Persuasive Essay Topics for All Degrees Different types of essays have different objectives, speaking about persuasive essays, they teach you to be convincing in your texts and speech. By writing such a paper, you learn a skill of persuasive writing and use it for your studying.The process of writing such paper includes a research when you collect the facts to support your position. The more credible and understandable are your facts, the easier will be to convince readers that you are right.You should also be ready to communicate with people who don’t agree with your position. You can predict all attack and counterarguments from them, It helps you to build a better and a more convincing essay.There are many examples of such papers. When reading them, you learn how to build the appropriate structure, how to convince readers, how to search for facts and present them, and what are the good persuasive essay topics for the middle and high school.To write a good persuasive essay, you need a good topic as it is a big and important step in the process of performing this task – your theme defines what your paper will be about, how will you write its content, what research will be needed. The topic and title are also needed to catch the attention of your readers.How To Choose Topic For Persuasive Essay?First of all, you need a debatable topic because if everybody agrees with your thesis statement, there is no meaning in persuading people. There should be many people that don’t share your position and point of view on the topic, so you need to pick argumentative persuasive essay topics.The title should also represent what you are going to say to others. By writing such papers, you can draw attention to specific social and educational problems and convince people that we should pay more attention to solving them in very short terms.The higher is your degree, the deeper and more complex should be the title. Good persuasive essay topics for college or university give you many possibilities an d directions for a research.You should also pay more attention to interesting persuasive essay topics. If the title is not interesting for you and for your readers, there is no meaning for writing it, but if it is interesting for you but not for your readers, you should find the way to spark their interest.You have to avoid the most common and often used titles. If they are being discussed for decades, many people are tired of them. That is why you should pick more original persuasive essay topics for the school that are not discussed much yet.If it’s hard for you to write such a paper, you are able to pick easy persuasive essay topics. With an easy theme, your chances for success increase. However, if it is still difficult, you should use the help of the persuasive essay writing service  that provides different papers for students.To write such a paper, you need to search for facts, using them to support your position. If there is not much information in different sources, it will be difficult to write this paper well. Make a small research for facts before writing a paper on a specific topic.Recent the Most Interesting Topics for Pursuasive EssaysHere are two lists, for the middle and high school. Titles for the high school are usually deeper and more complex, they usually deal with social and other problems. However, there are no strict rules. Many of middle school topic can be used at the university and vice versa, if it is needed.Persuasive Essay Topics for Middle SchoolIn the middle school, students learn to write such papers. These essays don’t have a big size and they don’t deal with complex problems. However, many students can write complex works and explain their points of view.Should students of the middle school wear uniform when studying?Should college pay students who take parts in sports competitions and don’t win?Should there be special discounts for elder people in all common places?Should students be punished for absence at classes if they know the topic well?Should USA students learn two or more foreign languages to make connections with friends from other states?Should middle school students be allowed to vote?Should all students use notebooks and other devices as the books?Junk food and sugary drinks have to be forbidden in middle schoolPHE grades affect grade point averages of studentsShould music and videos for school parties be censored?Should smoking be allowed in public places?Should the companies that sell GMO products put special marks for warning customers?Should teacher pass the test for checking their skills every years?Should people go to special courses before becoming parents?Web services providers have to ban specific websites if they have dangerous contentIt should be legal to place different advertisement at schoolsIs it dangerous to become a Facebook user from an early age?Should USA accept and use the metric system?Persuasive Essay Topics for High SchoolIn the high scho ol, the size of such works can be bigger. The way of presenting facts, the complexity of problems, and the social influence of them also change. It requires more skills to write such papers well. Here are a few great ideas of persuasive essay topics for school:Should parents pay more attention to their kids when they become teenagers?Should the death penalty be forbidden in all the states?Should it be legal for civilians to wear guns?With the growing usage of smartphones and other devices, it will harm the culture of communication that we knowSpecific drugs should be legalized not only for medical purposes?Should testing on animals be forbidden, even for medical purposes?Should battery farming be considered as illegal?Teachers should be familiar with modern students trendsTeachers should watch students social network profiles to know their habitsShould gay couples be allowed to adopt children?Owning the business has a bad influence on communication with friendsShould drinking alcoho l should be forbidden in all placesShould breastfeeding be considered as a public nudity?Should the current court jury system be changed?Should nudity be allowed in public places?Having a job has a bad influence for studying of high school studentsCollege TopicsWhen you are in college, the scope of this task gets bigger and the complexity increases. Besides, the stakes are getting higher. Receiving a low grade for a college paper has more harmful effect on your success. Thus, for the college paper you have to choose a more focused, complex, and relevant subject, here are a few good controversial persuasive essay topics for college to consider:Cameras placed in federal courtrooms to televise all trialsSelf-proclaimed â€Å"militia should be closely monitored by the FBIAre we supporting the Local Food movement by buying and eating the local food?Should taxes be applied for international adoption?Is e-learning as good and effective as classroom learning?The ban on exploiting the Antar ctic resources â€Å"restricting it to a â€Å"natural reserve devoted to science and peace should be maintainedMedia leaks of the spying on domestic and International communications, including citizens, by intelligence agenciesShould the government cut off all foreign aid to dictatorships?What are the reasons to ban in-virtro transplants?Are the messages sent by magazines marketed for teenagers moral and ethical or wrong?Abolish reliance on SAT and ACT scores in admissionsTattooing of minors, whether accompanied by their legal guardian or with a written consent from the legal guardianTop Persuasive Essay Topics For Bachelor StudentsAs you continue moving forward on your path to obtaining a high-quality education, your academic load gets bigger and harder. There is no need to argue this. Thus, Bachelor level students have to work twice harder than school or college students do and this also applies to writing papers. If you are writing an essay  during your Bachelor degree progr am, you have to approach it seriously as you have no right to make a mistake. Otherwise, you may ruin your academic performance. The topics for papers of this level get even more complicated. Here are some great ideas to look at:Reasons to require fast food restaurants to display calories of the food they sellReasons to prohibit placing distracting billboards on highwaysHow does the current tax system overburdens the middle-class citizens?Why should National Health Insurance Program be required by the law?Why should the United Nations be disbanded?Chronic mental patients live in â€Å"halfway houses† in the communityGetting married in high school should be encouraged for teen momsMain reasons why psychiatrists should testify in court when a defendant enters a non-guilty-by-reason-of-insanity pleaShould all prospective parents be required to take parenting classes?Why should child molesters be put to death?Why is it important to use art and music in prisons to calm prisoners?C onstructing Olympic venues near UNESCO protected sites is deplorableEducated people should be required to volunteer as literacy tutorsTop Master’s Level ThemesFinally, we have reached one of the highest level of education – Master’s degree. What peculiarities does it have? While in the middle school teachers mainly aim to enhance pupils’ writing skills and teach them to research, analyze, and present data in a clear way, when you are a Masters student, your professors pay attention more to what novelty you can bring to your field of science and what knowledge you have gained. Thus, writing a persuasive essay for this level, you have to choose a theme that has scientific novelty and is significant. Besides, it can’t be easy any longer. Here is a list of themes that can be suitable:Helping people makes you happy and selfish people are always unhappySociety should shun prescribed codes of ethicsDoes Sexual desire define human behavior?There is no such thing as good and evilIs God not dead?Does genetics determine human behavior?There is much evil in the world, we should turn to GodSelfishness is an innate human behavior and should be encouragedEthics are the unselfish means humans derive from their parenting instinctsThe truth is universalShould intelligence be a subject for genetic engineering?Does creation of wealth always come from taking advantage of other people’s hard work?Final WordsIt is always hard to write a great essay. Even with a simple topic, there is no guarantee that you will be able to disclose it fully if you are lacking some basic skills or knowledge, which is the main reason why students always struggle with such assignments. Sometimes, it is just not worth taking a risk at school. You have to keep in mind that a poorly written essay can not only bring you a low grade but also spoil your final score, which will directly influence your success in the future. What should you do? Instead of relying on a fa te or luck, you have to ensure that you are going to receive an A+ for the paper you write and the easiest way to do this is to enlist the help of professionals from a trusted argumentative essay help  service. This approach will save you some time and rid of the unnecessary issues and stress, at the same time, giving you a warranty of receiving the desired result!